Zyklon labels from used as evidence at the. The first and third panels contain manufacturer information and the brand name. The centre panel reads 'Poison Gas! Cyanide preparation to be opened and used only by trained personnel'. Zyklon B ( German: ( ); translated Cyclone B) was the of a -based invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consisted of (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary and one of several such as. The product is infamous for its use by during to murder approximately one million people in installed at,, and other.

Hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas that interferes with, was first used as a pesticide in in the 1880s. Research at of Germany led to the development of Zyklon (later known as Zyklon A), a pesticide which released hydrogen cyanide upon exposure to water and heat. It was banned after a similar product was used by Germany as a in. In 1922, Degesch was purchased by, where a team of chemists that included [] and developed a method of packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and one of several such as. The new product was also named Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. Uses included clothing and fumigating ships, warehouses, and trains.

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In early 1942, Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust. Around a million people were killed using this method, mostly at Auschwitz.

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Tesch was executed in 1946 for knowingly selling the product to the for use on humans. Hydrogen cyanide is now rarely used as a pesticide, but still has industrial applications. Firms in several countries continue to produce Zyklon B under alternative brand names, including Detia-Degesch, the successor to Degesch, who renamed the product Cyanosil in 1974. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Mode of action [ ] is a poisonous gas that interferes with. Cyanide prevents the cell from producing (ATP) by binding to one of the involved in the. This protein,, contains and has containing iron groups. The cyanide component of Zyklon B can bind at one of these iron groups, a3, forming a more stabilized compound through metal-to-ligand.

As a result of the formation of this new iron-cyanide, the electrons that would situate themselves on the heme a3 group can no longer do so. Instead, these electrons destabilize the compound; thus, the heme group no longer accepts them. Consequently, electron transport is halted, and cells can no longer produce the energy needed to synthesize ATP. In a human weighing 68 kilograms (150 lb), death occurs within two minutes of inhaling 70 mg of hydrogen cyanide. Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the at in 1945 In early 1942, Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of for use in during. The chemical was used to kill roughly one million people in installed in extermination camps at,, and elsewhere. Most of the victims were, and by far the majority killed using this method died at Auschwitz.

Zyklon B was supplied to concentration camps at,, and by the distributor Heli, and to Auschwitz and Majdanek by Testa. Camps also occasionally bought Zyklon B directly from the manufacturers. Of the 729 of Zyklon B sold in Germany in 1942–44, 56 tonnes (about 8 percent of domestic sales) were sold to concentration camps.

Auschwitz received 23.8 tonnes, of which 6 tonnes were used for fumigation. The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage (the product had a stated shelf life of only three months).

Testa conducted fumigations for the and supplied them with Zyklon B. They also offered courses to the SS in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes. In April 1941, the German agriculture and interior ministries designated the SS as an authorized applier of the chemical, and thus they were able to use it without any further training or governmental oversight.