• Current practice is to use c 0 to denote the speed of light in vacuum according to. In the original Recommendation of 1983, the symbol c was used for this purpose. See •, page 497. • See, page 499.

Further reading [ ] Electromagnetism [ ] Journal articles [ ] • Maxwell, James Clerk, ' ', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 459-512 (1865). (This article accompanied a December 8, 1864 presentation by Maxwell to the Royal Society.) Undergraduate-level textbooks [ ] • Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.).

Prentice Hall. • Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.).

Electric field lines are parallel to⎯E, and the strength of⎯E is proportional to the density of those field lines. Electric field lines begin on positive charges and terminate on negative ones, and the more charge there is, the more field lines there are. Field strength is proportional to lines per square meter. The focus is on generic problem-solving techniques — both mathematical and physically-intuitive, and electromagnetic waves staelin presentation of basic electromagnetic theorems — Poynting, energy, uniqueness, and electromagnetic waves staelin — explained from a physical perspective.

Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985). Haus and James R. Melcher, Electromagnetic Fields and Energy (Prentice-Hall, 1989). • Banesh Hoffmann, Relativity and Its Roots (Freeman, New York, 1983). Staelin, Ann W.

Morgenthaler, and Jin Au Kong, Electromagnetic Waves (Prentice-Hall, 1994). Stevens, The Six Core Theories of Modern Physics, (MIT Press, 1995). • Markus Zahn, Electromagnetic Field Theory: a problem solving approach, (John Wiley & Sons, 1979) Graduate-level textbooks [ ] • Jackson, John D. Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). •, The Classical Theory of Fields (: Volume 2), (Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, 1987). • Maxwell, James C. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.

Misner,,, Gravitation, (1970) W.H. Freeman, New York;. (Provides a treatment of Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms.) Vector calculus [ ] • P. Matthews Vector Calculus, Springer 1998, • H.

Schey, Div Grad Curl and all that: An informal text on vector calculus, 4th edition (W. Norton & Company, 2005).